The Russian Tsars Control of the Kazakh Steppe Essay -- Russian Empir

To what extent and in what ways did Russian Tsars find the Kazakh steppe between 1820 and 1890? During political Kazakh khans of three Hordes gave oaths and signed papers of their inclusion to Russian Empire. Although the documents were signed, both sides did not obey them . Empire had not got any actual political power in the beginning of 19th century in Kazakh steppe, and numerous anti-Russian rebellions abide this claim. The document of Ustav o Sibirskih Kirgizah, 1822 made it possible to gain control of the steppe by creating a system with new approach of divide and rule. New form _or_ system of government included creating elite with developed morals and literacy relying on the nobel families, so called Chinggisids, and land new administration policy. Rebellions, presence of national identity, resistance to settlement of nomads caused difficulties in establishing control in the steppe. However, even though there was some kind of oppositon from nomads, the policy was very suc cessful. Russian empire was in control of the Kazakh steppe after mid- ordinal century when steppe formally was divided into separate entities.The Plan of Reorganization (1809) of Tsarist Russia did not take into account differences of central and peripheral parts. Imperial legislative law applied with restrictions and exceptions depending on regions, but general principle was decentralization of the Tsarist Russia by dividing it into several parts and concentration of the administrative units by integrating central and regional agencies. Speranskiis Ustav o Sibirskih Kirgizah, 1822 reform assigned administrative units and positions to create a new bureaucracy . When the position of khan was removed the unity of the nomadic tribes was destabilized. Thus... .... 1 (Jan. - Mar., 2003), pp. 5-33 Levi, S. (1999). India, Russia and the Eighteenth-Century switch of the Central Asian Caravan Trade. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 42, No. 4 (1999), pp. 519 -548Malikov, Y. (2005). The Kenesary Kasymov Rebellion (18371847) A National-Liberation Movement or a refuse of Restoration? Nationalities Papers, Vol. 33, No. 4Manz, B. F. (1987). Central Asian Uprisings in the Nineteenth Century Ferghana under the Russians. The Russian Review, vol. 46, 1987, pp. 267-281Martin, V. (2010). Kazakh Chinggisids, land and political power in the nineteenth century a case study of Syrymbet. Central Asian Survey, 291, 79-102Sbornik dokumentov. (1996). Natsionalno-osvoboditelnaia borba Kazakhskogo naroda pod predvoditelstvom Kenesary Kasymova (Sbornk dokumentov). Almaty, 1996, p. 39, 121-122

American Dream in Song of Solomon, Narrative Frederick Douglass, Life o

American Dream in Song of Solomon, Narrative of Frederick Douglass, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, and Push In an era where knowledge is power, the emphasis on literacy in African American texts is undeniable. Beginning with the first African American literary works, the slave narratives, through the canons to a greater extent recent successes such as Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon and Sapphires Push, the topic of literacy is almost inextricably connected to freedom and power. A closer investigation, however, leads the reader to another, less direct, message indicating that perchance this belief in literacy as a pathway to the American Dream of freedom and social and financial success is contradictory or, at least, insufficient in social and cultural terms. In this way, African American literature reconstructs the American Dream into an even more complex dream deferred. In his introduction to The unpolluted Slave Narratives, Henry Louis Gates, junior states In literacy l ay true freedom for the black slave, (ix). Such is the case for Frederick Douglass whose initial tutelage by his mistress, Mrs. Auld, and the subsequent defensive structure of such tutelage by Mr. Auld enlightens Douglass to an entirely new train of thought, which allows him to understand the pathway from thraldom to freedom, (275). Understanding that maintaining the illiteracy of the slave population was the discolour mans power to enslave the black man (275), Douglass realizes that learning to read is a potential pathway for freedom from the chains of slavery. It is here, however, that the distinction between freedom from slavery and the freedom inherent in the ideology of the American Dream begin to breakdown what Harvey Graff terms the literacy myth.... ...n the successful negotiation of not just illiteracy, but of a history of social and cultural denial. Such is the nature of the dream deferred. WORKS CITED Brent, Linda. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Classic S lave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. wise York Penguin Group, 1987. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York Penguin Group, 1987. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Introduction. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York Penguin Group, 1987. ix-xviii. Graff, Harvey J. The Literacy Myth Literacy and Social Structure in the Nineteenth-Century City. New York Academic Press, 1979. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York The Penguin Group, 1977. Sapphire. Push. New York Vintage Contemporaries, 1996.

A Trek to Nowhere :: Example Personal Narratives

A Trek to Nowhere The occasional banging of an oar on the edge of a canoe is the only significant noise that accompanies us on our way to the falls. The boys had been fishing by the waterfall and mentioned its existence to us, so weve decided to check it out. There argon twenty-one of us on the Bureau Valley High School Science Clubs trip to Boundary Waters, a wilderness camping and canoeing area in northern Minnesota. A elflike group of us enjoys exploring the terrain, especially as opposed to the monotony of fishing, and we are now on a waterfall mission. It is a gentle June morning, still a bit chilly for we Illinoians. We are subject to erratic periods of sunlight, as the sun discards one garment after another, unsatisfied with her immense cumulus wardrobe. There are only tattered bits of mist still hanging over the lake most of it has already noiselessly dissolved. The breeze cajoles straying wisps of my hair, and as we row steadily toward the waterfall I consider the serenity of the wilderness the complete peacefulness. I revel in the absence of snorting mufflers, rambunctious screeching tires, innumerable Super Wal-Marts, and ever-encroaching subdivisions. My judgement grows as I compare the previous years vacation to this years at Boundary Waters. Not that the Badlands werent a sight to see -- they were. But the whole Badlands/Blackhills area was literally infested with tourist-related billboards (all displaying nearly the same overly-enthusiastic tidings) and informational pamphlets (in every(prenominal) public building, including the podiatrists office). And no telling which pamphlets were fact and which were part fabrication. Wall, South Dakota, was a choice example of the tourist-nabbing chaos. Along the interstate, approximately every five minutes, billboards would proclaim the number of miles remaining before Wall, South Dakota, as if speedometers didnt exist. Upon arriving in Wall, ones hopes were treacher ously dashed. Wall was a tourist town like any other, only it was larger, and junk was more prolific. It was a frail excuse after such a dramatic drumroll via the billboards, signs, and pamphlets. A loons bittersweet call imposes on my reflections, and I realize that we have reached our destination.

The Repeating Island Essay -- Literary Analysis, Benintez-Rojo

In The Repeating Island, Antonio Benintez-Rojo writes on postindustrial societies inaccurate pecks of the Caribbean as a common archipelago and calls on postindustrial societies to reexamine their view of the Caribbean. In this paper the following topics in The Repeating Island will be examined in validating Benitez- Rojos perspective that the Caribbean is a meta-archipleago with no boundaries or relate Columbuss railway car to the sugar-making machine, the apocalypse to chaos, troll to polyrhythm, and literature to carnival. The first way Benitez-Rojo draws attention to his perspective is through his analysis on how the Atlantic became cognize as the Atlantic because of the presence of European slave plantations, piracy, servitude, and monopoly over the trades in the Caribbean. He refers to Christopher Columbus presence in Hispaniola as the starting point of the machine (Benitez- Rojo 5) that brought a wealth of goods from Hispaniola to Spain, who then spread its profitable p ractice to Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico at the expense of native people (6). After the Cape San Vicente disaster, where the Spanish confounded treasure from French pirates, in 1565 Columbuss machine expanded its conquests of gold, silver, and diamonds thus creating the fleet. The fleet not only helped the Spanish become wealthy, it made the Caribbean a meta-archipelago because of its presence in the waters of the Caribbean, Atlantic, and Pacific. Menendez de Aviless fleet proved successful in protecting gold and silver from pirate attacks through the use of Caribbean ports, forts, militia, and geographics (8). In todays Caribbean the machine is referred to as the plantation, which the Europeans controlled all aspects o... ...ted by it (23).Benitez-Rojo calls on a rereading of the Caribbean text and states once this is done, the result is the text showing the consent of rhythms whose attempts to escape in a certain kind of way (28). It is through carnaval the text can be seen in its most natural form, a meta-archipleago of public life. In The Repeating Island, Antonio Benintez-Rojo defends his perspective that the Caribbean is a meta-archipleago with no boundaries or center through his writing on Columbuss machine to the sugar-making machine, the apocalypse to chaos, rhythm to polyrhythm, and literature to carnival. He debunks postindustrial societys view of the Caribbean as a common archipelago by examining what makes the Caribbean, the Caribbean through its history and culture, which persuades the reader to reexamine the confused writing on the Caribbean.

Essay --

Living with LupusLauren ChoateCollege of the MainlandLupus is a dangerous disease that can affect anyone. It has no cure and is known to affect 9 out of 10 adults. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also called lupus, is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by fantastic antibodies in the blood that target tissues of the body. (Frazier & Drzymkowski, 2008) Autoimmune means that your immune system cannot tell the difference between foreign invaders and your bodys healthy tissues and creates autoantibodies that tone-beginning and destroy healthy tissue. These autoantibodies cause inflammation, pain, and damage in various parts of the body. Lupus affects each individual differently and it may be worse for one soulfulness than it is for another. My grandmother, Carolyn, was diagnosed with Systemic lupus erythematosus in her early forties. She suffered a long time before she was diagnosed with Lupus. The worst part of my lupus is the flare-ups Carolyn said, It feels as if I am on fire sometimes and every single inch of my body hurts in the most awful way I have ev...

Essay --

Living with LupusLauren ChoateCollege of the MainlandLupus is a dangerous disease that can affect anyone. It has no cure and is known to affect 9 out of 10 adults. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also called lupus, is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by unusual antibodies in the blood that target tissues of the dead body. (Frazier & Drzymkowski, 2008) autoimmune means that your immune system cannot tell the difference between foreign invaders and your bodys healthy tissues and creates autoantibodies that attack and destroy healthy tissue. These autoantibodies cause inflammation, pain, and trauma in various parts of the body. Lupus affects each individual differently and it may be worse for one person than it is for another. My grandmother, Carolyn, was diagnosed with Systemic lupus erythematosus in her early forties. She suffered a long time before she was diagnosed with Lupus. The worst part of my lupus is the flare-ups Carolyn said, It feels as if I am o n fire sometimes and every single inch of my body hurts in the most awful way I have ev...